There are three main pathways to Irish citizenship: at birth by descent, by birth on the island of Ireland, and naturalisation.
This study is part of EU-wide research on naturalisation, which is the main way by which migrants may access citizenship and associated rights.
Over 145,800 people were granted Irish citizenship through naturalisation between 2006 and 2018.
Ireland does not require applicants to prove language skills or civic knowledge, unlike most EU states, or renounce their former nationality, as in 11 EU states.
Processing delays
Delays in processing naturalisation applications have arisen partly due to the outcome of a High Court judgment in 2019 on the definition of ‘reckonable residence’, and COVID-19- related restrictions.
In October 2020, the Department of Justice reported that a straightforward application takes one year to be processed, with more complex applications taking longer.
Requirements
Applicants for naturalisation must generally have five years’ residence in Ireland. They must be of ‘good character’, intend to reside in Ireland, and make a declaration of loyalty to the State.
Spouses and civil partners of Irish citizens and certain other groups may apply after three years. The Department of Justice reported that failure to satisfy the ‘good-character’ requirement, and inability to meet the residence criteria, were among the top reasons for refusal.
Good character assessment
‘Good character’ is not defined, and no guidelines on its interpretation currently exist. Applicants must supply relevant information on convictions, civil judgments, and any Garda investigations.
The Department of Justice also obtains reports on applicants from An Garda Síochána and, potentially, from other Government departments and agencies.
Research conducted by the Immigrant Council of Ireland highlighted that the application of this requirement gives rise to uncertainty for applicants
Fees
All applicants pay €175, and a further certification fee of €950 applies for successful adult applicants; and €200 for children and certain other cases. Refugees and stateless persons are exempt from the certification fee.
Of the 24 EU Member States examined in the EU-wide European Migration Network study on naturalisation, Ireland is among the four EU countries that reported the highest naturalisation fees, along with the UK, Austria and the Netherlands
Trends
The number of people granted Irish citizenship through naturalisation increased rapidly from 2010, peaking in 2012, and has declined steadily since – broadly in line with EU-wide trends.
Just over 8,200 people were granted Irish citizenship through naturalisation in 2018, and almost 5,800 in 2019.
The share of EU nationals among new Irish citizens has increased from 4% in 2011, to 49% in 2018. Among those EU nationals granted Irish citizenship through naturalisation, the top three nationalities since 2005 have been Poland, Romania and the UK.
The latter saw a seven-fold increase between 2016 (when Brexit was confirmed) and 2018. The most common nationalities among non-EU nationals acquiring Irish citizenship through naturalisation since 2005 have been Nigeria, India, and the Philippines.